Parliamentary System VS Presidential System Essay

Parliamentary System VS Presidential System - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that democratic governments are those that permit the nation's citizens to manage their government either directly or through elected representatives. This is opposed to authoritarian governments that limit or prohibit the direct participation of its citizens. Different types of political systems prevailing in the current world. Broadly speaking, based on the nature of functioning the entire political systems in the world can be classified into tow; democratic systems and totalitarian systems. Communism in China and some of the autocratic Islamic administrations in countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE etc are examples of totalitarian administrations. On the other hand, in countries like America, Canada, UK, India etc; democratic administrations are functioning even though these administrations differ somewhat in its core areas of functioning. Since the fall of Soviet Union and the subsequent fall of communist regimes in Easter Europe, d emocracy is gaining prominence in world politics. Parliamentary system and presidential system are the two major categories under the democratic political system. Judiciary, Parliament and Executive are the three major pillars upon which a democratic political system works. The nature of functioning of these three pillars would be different in parliamentary and presidential political systems. Canada, India, etc are some of the countries in which parliamentary democracy prevails whereas in America presidential system of democracy is in operation.... There are many other differences between parliamentary system and presidential system. Canada, India, etc are some of the countries in which parliamentary democracy prevails whereas in America presidential system of democracy is in operation. This paper compares the parliamentary system and presidential system taking Canada and America as examples. Differences between parliamentary system and presidential system In a parliamentary system, government cannot function against the will of parliament. Both the prime minister and his cabinet are accountable to parliament. They cannot function independently or without seeking the opinion of the parliament, while taking decisions and formulating policies. All the governmental policies should be presented and discussed in the parliament comprehensively before the implementation stage. Governments in parliamentary system cannot implement any policies without the approval of the parliament. In most of the cases, parliament approves all the bill s presented since the ruling government have majority in the parliament. In short, prime minister and his/her cabinet are accountable to the parliament in parliamentary democracy. On the other hand in countries like America where presidential system prevails, president enjoys slightly more power over the parliament or congress. American president has the authority to veto any of the decisions taken by the Congress, even though in most of the cases, the president functions in line with the decisions taken by the Congress. Since countries like Canada, Australia, New Zealand etc were British colonies earlier; the governments in these countries are functioning slightly differently even though

Discrimination of black people and white people Essay Example for Free

Discrimination of black people and white people Essay This story, Black Boy is a great book that describes how the author, Richard Wright, suffered in the South of the United States during the time when there was still a lot of discrimination throughout the country. Since the author explained many of his horrible experiences in the past, this book cannot be written in a thin book. This thick book is full of his great experiences that wanted to be read by many people in the world in order to let everybody know the disasters of racism. This racism affected Richard Write a lot and he had to adapt to the environment that he was in, although he didn’t know how he should act in front of white people in the beginning of the story. There are not many examples in the beginning of the story since Richard was a little boy, and he still didn’t know about racism. He did know that something was different between black and whites, but he wasn’t able to understand it since he was too young. He even talks to himself in Pg. 49 that â€Å"I had heard that colored people were killed and beaten, but so far it all had seemed remote. There was, of course, a vague uneasiness about it all, but I would be able to handle that when I came to it. It would be simple. If anybody tried to kill me, then I would kill them first. † After this, he realized the harshness of racism around his society when Uncle Hoskins got shot by a white man when he was at the saloon. And the reason is just because a black man was earning a lot of money and the white man became jealous. Also after this scene, there is an another example in Pg. 172 where he met his classmate, Ned Greenley who had lost his brother since the whites shot him for a specific reason. Ned said, â€Å"Th-they said he was fooling with a white prostitute there in the hotel. † Richard was shocked since he could be in those kinds of situations at any time. Richards starts to think of really going to North soon as possible now. In Chapter nine, there is a scene that is really harsh where Richard sees it, but could do nothing. This scene is at the clothing store for black people where Richard worked. The black employees were treated like slaves in the store; the white owners would push, kick, or slap the blacks. Although Richard saw this scene many times, he never got used to it. Another big thing is the time when Richard sees a black woman getting raped by two white men. This is a part from the book that describes how evil this time of period was. On Pg. 179, it says, â€Å"White people passed and looked on without expression. A white policeman watched from the corner, twirling his night stick; but he made no move. I watched out of the corner of my eyes, but I never slackened the strokes of my chamois upon the brass. After a moment or two I heard shrill screams coming from the rear room of the store; later the woman stumbled out, bleeding, crying, holding her stomach, her clothing torn. When she reached the sidewalk, the policeman met her, grabbed her, accused her of being drunk, called a patrol wagon and carted her away. † When I read this scene, it really hurt my heart. I couldn’t believe that the police didn’t do anything at all and although the policeman knew that the black woman was raped, he accused her of being drunken. Richard could have thought of saving the woman, but if he did something to the whites, he could be killed. Therefore, Richard wasn’t able to do anything. All he could do was to feel sorry for the lady. This doesn’t mean that Richard didn’t worry about the woman, it was the way how he had to act in the South. After Richard realizes the social cycle between the whites and the blacks at his work place, he sacrifices his morals to save more money. He begins to bootleg liquor to sell to white prostitutes in the hotel that he worked at. After that, he involves in a ring for scamming tickets. Then, he quickly amasses enough money to move out to the North. Although Richard was working earnest, he quits it because it was very hard to collect money if he had worked earnestly. Since Richard Write had an experience that he does not want to experience anymore, he was able to write this book, which would tell all the readers that discrimination or racism is not a good thing to do. He explained how he had to act as a black man; if he didn’t act like a black man, he might have not gotten the chance of writing this book. Richard Write had explained how blacks should act as a black, and although many horrible things were occurring around him, he wasn’t able to change it since he was just a black man. I feel that Richard really wanted to resist against the white men but if he did, he knew that he was going to be dead. Although in the beginning of the story, he said that, â€Å"If anybody tried to kill me, then I would kill them first†, as a result he wasn’t able to disobey the whites because he was scared of death. Since he was able to adapt to the society that he was in, he was able to earn money and was able to go to the North to have a better life.

The Concepts Of Postmodernism By Weber Sociology Essay

The Concepts Of Postmodernism By Weber Sociology Essay It is not difficult to argue that Max Weber has outlived all his competitors in the classical tradition. His ideas have inspired scores of sociologists in a host of areas for more than sixty years. The contemporary vitality of these ideas is in no small measure due to the fact that he is the most prominent advocate of modernism and that he has both resisted and justified some of postmodernisms most convincing criticisms of modern social science and society. When analysing the statement that the fate of our times is characterized by rationalization, intellectualization and about all by the disenchantment of the world one must look into all aspects of the 3 ways of thinking that Weber has described; rationalism, intellectualization and disenchantment. When focusing solely on the rationalism that Max Weber talks speaks about we can see a connection to the way of thinking he described in his writing and the way people think today. Rationalization has become an integral part in most aspec ts of the modern world and it seems to be no coincidence that Weber focuses on this way of thinking in much of his writings. Through science, politics, culture and religion Weber alludes to the fact that the modern world works better when a rationalistic thought process in used and this he attempts to prove in his writings. When analysing the statement one must not forget the other two ways of thinking; intellectualization and disenchantment and how they have affected the modern world. Intellectualization or the flight into reason has become an increasingly apparent way of logic where uncomfortable emotions are put aside by reasoning through facts. This way of thinking has made people rationally deal with a situation. Finally the disenchantment of the world which Weber fist emphasised in his writing science as a vocation where Max Weber explains that science can never answer the fundamental questions of life, such as directing people on how to live their lives and what to value. Val ue he contends can only be derived from personal beliefs such as religion. He further argues for the separation of reason and faith, noting that each has its place in respective field but if crossed over cannot work. By focusing on these three mindsets or ways of thinking it is clear that his statement is extremely relevant to the modern world and that the fate of our time is characterized by rationalization, intellectualization and the disenchantment. Rationalization can be defined as the process whereby an increasing number of social actions and interactions become based on considerations of teleological efficiency or calculation rather than on motivations derived from morality, emotion, custom, or tradition. Rationalization can be viewed both positively and negatively in a society. It can certainly be viewed as positive by creating consistency in terms of economy in a society. The negative aspects include taking away the individualism of a society and making it all very mundane and workman-like. Max Weber demonstrated rationalization in which the aims of certain Protestant denominations, particularly Calvinism, are shown to have shifted towards rational means of economic gain as a way of dealing with their salvation anxiety'. (The protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism). According to Weber a rational person is methodical and precise. Rationalization was a large part of Webers theories on bureaucracy. Rationalization focuses o n seeking constants in ones behaviours. It can be seen as a negative way of thinking as it looks to take away ones individualistic way of thinking and ones unique ways and replaces them with what is expected in terms of efficiency and reliability. Rationalism makes sure that there is a set trend that is put in place that all can follow as in theory that should boost the economy and makes sense in the running of a country. Although not entirely negative trait rationalism seems to make everything and everyone standard by showing what is expected from the majority. For Weber the capitalist market defined a rationalistic economy, as we can see in Webers later work The General Economic History he states that Capitalism is rational in the sense that it bases decisions on calculations of likely return; this presupposes some degree of predictability, in particular a predictable legal system; capitalism also supposes that there are free markets for products and for labour and other factors o f production, and that these markets are wide given wide markets and some predictability innovation in search of profit gets under way.(The general Economic History). For Weber a functioning economy was a rational economy. Through his writing he made it clear that the need for entrepreneurial thinking was unnecessary and that everyone had a responsibility to think rationally which in his view was thinking intelligently. Max Weber had a host of General presuppositions for the existence of modern day capitalism such as rational capital accounting. This involves the appropriation of all physical means of production as the property of autonomous private enterprises. Freedom of the market, in the sense of the absence of irrational limits on trading in the market. Rational technology, to permit the required calculability. This implies mechanization. Calculable law, the dependability of calculable adjudication and administration. Free (not slave or serf) labour, people legally in the posi tion to, and economically compelled to, sell their labour on the market without restriction and commercialization of economic life: general use of commercial instruments to represent share rights in enterprise and also in property ownership. Human labour is treated like a commodity according to Weber. A negative aspect one can find in the thoughts of Webers capitalist thinking is that because the persons labour is a commodity that should be distanced from the persons life the person loses all sense of individuality and makes the human almost robotic and just a clog in the machine that is the economy of a country. Rationality spread like a drug from peoples everyday rational lifestyle to the economic sphere in terms of production. People became more orderly and rational as in their eyes it seemed to pay. Rationality had become an integral aspect of their everyday life and therefore was passed on to the working world. Some people are lead to believe that Max Weber is the real founder of sociology and the sociology of religion. His conceptions, analyses and constructs have a universal significance in the history of science. A great deal that we understand about religion can be accounted for by Webers rationalistic view on religion and how it related to the economy. In one of Webers famous books The protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism he compares religious belief to both cognitive and economic rationalisation. Weber declares that Weber argued that certain Protestant ideas, particularly John Calvins understanding of predestination that sinful people cannot know directly whether they are part of Gods elect to whom the grace of salvation is offered, favoured rational pursuit of economic gain and worldly activities. Resultant insecurity on the part of Protestants, and their fear of eternal damnation, led them to seek signs indicating Gods direction for their lives and affirmation of their correct behaviour. By saying that Max Weber is indicating that hard work and success were what was required to be favoured by g-d. This resulted in the public being encouraged and determined to accumulate wealth. According to Weber, one of the universal tendencies that Christians had historically fought against was the desire to profit. After defining the spirit of capitalism, Weber argued that there were many reasons to look for the origins of modern capitalism in the religious ideas of the reformation. The inherent logic of those doctrines and the advice based upon them, both directly and indirectly, encouraged planning and self-denial in the pursuit of economic gain. Weber quoted historical writings of Benjamin Franklin such as Remember that time is money. He that can earn ten shillings a day by his labour, and goes abroad, or sits idle, one half of that day, though he spends but sixpence during his diversion or idleness, ought not to reckon that the only expense; he has really spent, or rather thrown away, five shillings besides. Remember, that money is the prolific, generating nature. Money can beget money, and its offspring can beget more, and so on. Five shillings turned is six, turned again is seven and three pence, and so on, till it becomes a hundred pounds. The more there is of it, the more it produces every turning, so that the profits rise quicker and quicker. He that kills a breeding sow destroys all her offspring to the thousandth generation. He that murders a crown destroys all that it might have produced, even scores of pounds. This quote encapsulates Webers obsession with spreading his rationalistic way of thinking to increase profit and strengthen the economy. In the West Weber found a link between religion and economic rationalism which broadened into all spheres of life. Much modern thinking can be accounted for by Webers views on religious rationalization and the further implications that resulted in people putting the need to make money ahead o f religion itself. Weber theorized that emergence of religious ideas in the west unintentionally brought about the emergence of economic rationality. When viewing the theories of Weber and how they relate to how the modern world is run, in terms of religion it is important to also focus on aspects such as culture, society and politics when seeing how they have been shaped by ideas of rationalization. Within social life a large degree of rationalization has become clearly apparent. Bureaucracy has become run of the mill in the way in which countries are governed, companies are run and the way people structure their personal lives. A bureaucracy can be defined as a well-defined division of administrative labour among persons and offices,   a personnel system with consistent patterns of recruitment and stable linear careers,    a hierarchy among offices, such that the authority and status are differentially distributed among actors.   A greater orderliness has been set in place in recent times due to bureaucracy with a clear leader and many to feed off that person. When looking at Webers view of bureaucracy it is important to link it to the way in which modern society is structured. Weber wrote that seven principals concerning the running of a bureaucracy that have become synonymous with the organizational structure. Some of these principals included that official business is conducted on a continuous basis, officials do not own the resources necessary for the performance of their assigned functions but are accountable for their use of these resources and official and private business and income are strictly separated. Webers understanding of legal science is consistent with his methodological contention that rules only make sense in the context of a given form of life. Politics however is far less rationalisable than the economy which may be why there is such upheaval with the running of a government in recent times. We must still regard the political and social aspects of a society rationalised in some way which in no small part in due to the work of Weber. We can also take cognition into account when looking at spheres moulded by rationalism in the modern world. Cognition if the scientific term for process of thought. .Weber argued that the method of science, whether its subject matter be things or men, always proceeds by abstraction and generalization. According to Weber, differences between the natural sciences and the social sciences arise from differences in the cognitive intentions of the researcher, not from the alleged unsuitability of scientific and broad methods to the subject matter of human action. Weber believed that What distinguishes the natural and a social science is not an inherent difference in methods of investigation, but rather the differing interests and aims of the scientist. Both types of science involve abstraction. The richness of the world of facts, both in nature and in history, is such that a total explanation in either realm is doomed to fail. What Weber meant by that is no science can be fully explained i n words. Such an explanation would not succeed in giving fully explaining the given science or scientific related realm. HE believed that even in physics it was impossible to predict future events. This is Weber rationalistic way of thinking in its purest form. He is only recognizing what is fact and giving no room to the possible. He does not enjoy variable change rather likes what he knows. He is not recognizing the explanations of science as that is his understanding of the situation by rationalizing it. This way of thinking is still very apparent in modern times.   Weber was fundamentally at odds with those who argued for a morality based on science. In this respect he would be opposed to those psychoanalysts today who claim they have a scientific warranty to counsel adjustment or self-actualization, as the case may be, to their patients.   This rational way of thinking through science has certainly been carried on to modern times as we have become characterized by our lack of thinking outside the box as we have to rely on the scientists to do the thinking for us. When focusing on how the world is affected by the gradual disenchantment that has been in effect for many decades, one would have to focus on Webers writing Science as a Vocation where   Weber offers an analysis of what it means to engage in science, or intellectual activity, as a profession. In doing so, he makes the claim that the modern world is one that is disenchanted. A disenchanted world has considerable implications in the political realm, in the form of both an increased importance of politics, and an increased difficulty in fulfilling the obligations which accompany this importance. This is just one of the many facets that add to how we are affected by the disenchantment. Weber notes that the average modern person is no more (indeed, even less) aware of and knowledgeable about the conditions of life under which they live than the average uncivilized person. A savage knows incomparably more about his tools than the rider of a streetcar does about the physics and technology which enable her or his movement. This potentially is the root of the modern worlds disenchantment. By creating an intellectual environment in which anything can in principle be explained by scientific analysis and/or calculation, intellectual rationalization (as Weber calls it) has removed the possibility of metaphysical, spiritual essentially non-scientific explanations of the world and its features. And this, Weber writes, means that the world is disenchanted. Weber essentially eliminates the need for individualism and creative thinking by his claims that everything can be explained by science. Webers claim regarding the disenchantment of the world has consequences in many areas of human activity. One area in which intellectualizations consequences are particularly important is the realm of the political. Disenchantment contributes to confusion or loss of values in the political realm, and in doing so increases the pressure on politics to somehow fill the gap left by disenchan tment. Disenchantment becomes particularly important prior to intellectualization; the solutions to problems now addressed by scientific analysis and calculation were drawn from metaphysical realms like religion. In discussing the relation between religion and science, Weber notes the following: that science today is irreligious no one will doubt in his innermost being, even if he will not admit it to himself. It seems then that intellectualization, by replacing non-scientific means with scientific means of answering our questions, has left us with a challenging void. Scientific analysis and calculation may answer more precisely a great many of our questions about the world we live in, but since it cannot answer our most significant questions, it leaves us spiritually unfulfilled and devoid of the faith by which we were once consoled. In conclusion when analysing the Max Weber statement and dissecting it into the three processes of thinking, rationalization, intellectualisation and disenchantment the modern world is clearly affected by all three. These ways of thinking lead to a process of actions that clearly affect most aspects of the modern world such as politics, culture, science and religion.

The Influences of C.G. Jung Essay -- Jung

The Influences of C.G. Jung      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Carl Gustav Jung was influenced by literature, symbolism, religion, and the occult From a very young age. Jung's influencs remained with him as he became a doctor of medicine and a psychological theorist. The philosophical, the supernatural, the symbolic, the religious, and the occult all influenced Jung's area of psychological expertise, making Jung's psychology not only unique to Jung, but also pioneering in the field of general psychoanalysis.    In Ernest Gallo's article "Synchronicity and the Archetypes. (Carl Jung's Doctrines)", Gallo cites that Jung was "deeply drawn to the occult" (Gallo, 1994). Jung's younger cousin, Helen Preiswerk, had the ability to actually shatter knives in a drawer "with a loud bang" (Gallo, 1994). This and other similar cases caused Jung to write his medical dissertation about occult phenomena using this cousin as his subject. Gallo continues by citing that "while Jung was arguing with Freud about psychic phenomena, a loud noise emanated from a bookcase; Jung predicted that it would be repeated and was highly impressed when this portentous prediction came true." (Gallo, 1994). Jung also reported that "he saw the vision of a face half buried in the pillow next to him" (Gallo, 1994). Despite Jung's lack of doubt toward these experiences, Gallo says that "Jung was far more than a simple occultist." (Gallo, 1994), and that Jung was "engagingly skeptical about his wilder speculations" (Gallo, 1994).    The son of a Protestant Minister, Jung also had ties to western religion. Ties that showed themselves in his beliefs and writings (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia). Jung cited the importance of the unconscious as a religious channel in his psycho... ...s Cited and Consulted Abstracts of the Collected Works of C. G. Jung. (1976). Rockville, Maryland: Princeton University Press. Bookshelf 1996-97 [Computer program]. (1996). Microsoft. Coursen, Herbert R. (1986). The compensatory Psyche: A Jungian Approach to Shakespeare. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Gallo, Ernest (Summer 1994). Synchronicity and the Archetypes. (Carl Jung's Doctrines). Skeptical Inquirer, pp. 396 - 404. Jung, Carl G., & von Franz, M.-L. (1964). Man and his Symbols. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc. Kast, Verena (1996). The process of individuation. Retrieved June 17, 1997 from the World Wide Web: http://www.jungnet.org/cgibin/dispatch Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia [Computer program] (1995). Microsoft. Moreno, Antonio (1978). Jung, gods, & Modern Man. London: Sheldon Press.      

Lab Report Info

Lab Report Procedure 6. 1: Perform Benedict’s test for reducing sugars. Introduction: Benedict’s tests allows for the detection of the presence of reducing sugars. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars since all of them have active carbonyl group. Some disaccharides that are exposed to a carbonyl group are also reducing sugars but less reactive than monosaccharides. By mixing the sugar solution with Benedict’s solution and heating them, a redox reaction will occur.The copper (II) sulphate present in Benedict’s solution reacts with electrons from aldehyde or ketose group of reducing sugars to form cuprous oxide, a red brown precipitate. Materials: The materials used in order to detect starches was: test tubes, distilled water, Benedict’s solution, starch were used. Negative Control: H20 Positive Control: Starch Obtain nine test tubes and number them 1-9 Add to each tube the materials to be tested. Add 2ml of Benedict’s solution to each tube. Place all the tubes in boiling water- bath for 3 minutes and observe color changes during this time. After 3 minutes , remove the tubes from the water- bath and give the tubes ample time to cool to room temperature. Record the color of their contents. Procedure 6. 2: Perform the iodine test for starch Tube Solution Benedict’s Color Reaction Iodine Color Reaction 1 10 drops onion juice No change Blue->Black w/white No change 2 10 drops potato juice Precipitation Yellow-> blue 3 10 drops sucrose solutionNo change No change 5 10 drops distilled water No change No change 6 10 drops reducing sugar solution Blue No change 7 10 drops starch solution No change Yellow-> Blue 8 Unknown Blue-> Red Brown 9 Unknown 2 Blue Brown 4 10 drops glucose solution Blue-> Brown No change Tube Solution Color 1 2 ml egg albumen Green/yellow 2 2 ml honey No change 3 2ml amino acid solution Purple 4 2ml distilled water No change 5 2ml protein solution Purple 6 Unknown Colorless 7 Unknown 2 Colorless

Talent management and Internal marketing

Talent management and Internal marketing Free Online Research Papers Introduction Internal marketing and talent management have been a trend in companies for the recent decades. They are the fast gaining a top priority for organizations across the world and become the key of retention. Thus, researchers were interested in this development. The outcome in the organization such as engagement score, level of engagement over time, various levels of talent segments and department along with customers’ value about the organization were concerned in many research. Talent Management and Internal Marketing Definitions for Talent Management According to Lewis and Heckman, there are three definitions for talent management. First, they define talent management as recruiting, selection, development and career and succession management in the human resources department practices. Throughout this process, technology should play an important role to aid the development of the organisation. (Julia and Hughes, 2008) The second perspective for talent management is more or less the same as labour force planning. It manages the flow of workforce in the organization, based on the skills, supply and demand, and growth and attrition. (Julia and Hughes, 2008) The third concept focuses on the talent of an employee (skill and knowledge). Employee’s talent was often underestimated. Thus, employer must know how to align the right people to the right job based on strategic business objective. They must rectified and develop some skills that are relevant to the job. Their employee should reward employees with high potential or performance. (Julia and Hughes, 2008) Definitions for Internal Marketing Christopher stated that internal marketing is important as it focused on the needs of the customers. â€Å"Fundamental aims of internal marketing are to develop internal and external customer awareness and remove functional barriers to organizational effectiveness.† (Varey and Lewis, 1999) Thus, it shows that company will face problems such as employees’ poor performance arising from inferior service offering and higher costs commitment, due to lack of their participation. Internal marketing is a manner of communication management with clear tactic based on both studies and evaluation and personal skills development and responsibility. Human has unlimited needs and wants and they are not easily satisfied. Thus, the employee must satisfy their internal customer in order to satisfy the outer customers. (Varey and Lewis, 1999) It also defines as productivity through participation requiring leadership, processes and commitment from all. Internal marketing is able to prevent declining management standards as well as providing clear organisation and personal direction. (Varey and Lewis, 1999) For example, a cosmetic company set a regulation that all employees must use product that are produce by them. This is to make sure that all employees know the trend of company and experience more about the product in order to promote to others. Similarities and Differences of Talent Management and Internal marketing Both talent management and internal marketing considered as holistic approach to human resource. Their function is to develop, retain and motivate employee. These two techniques help to reduce the gap such as communication and provide a closer relationship between employee and employer. Moreover, they are expensive then implying in the organisation. When an organisation is applying talent management, employers treat employees as an asset because they believe employees are the source of income to the company. When employees are satisfied to the job because their talent is fully recognized and utilised wisely, the company is able to reach their goal and develop faster. Moreover, as the turnover rate reduces, the good internal environment of the company will be to the external people. Thus, more talents will be interested and attracted to serve the employer and company. On the other hand, the organisation is a market place where employee is both buyer and consumers in the implement of internal marketing. Gifts, free samples and discounts are available for the employees so they can understand more about the company’s product and services as well as create and deliver value to the external market. For example, employees will spread word of mouth about the benefit of the service or product provided to their friends and family. Conversely, employer is able to understand the trend in the market and control the quality of the product too. They are indirect control through involvement and participation. Implication Implication of Talent Management Different employees have their own skills and knowledge, which differentiates them from other employees and they is hard to replace. Thus, the company must appreciate them at all levels for employee retention and recruitment. Buzzelli, member of Deloitte Board of Directors, tries to understand and appreciate his employees, which are from different background and apply different ways of management. Thus, he is able to build an environment where his employees are proud to work for him. Moreover, Deloitte is able to attract more customer as it was believe that best employees will provide the best performance and service. (Cottrill, 2007) Talent management improves communications and leadership skills in the firm too; A good leader must be a good listener. Buzzelli has created an environment where managers pay attention to his employees. Thus, he is reliable to his people who always give him feedbacks that help him to understand their situation and eliminate barriers. (Cottrill, 2007) Despite high cost and challenges in maintaining talent in an organisation, talent management is still essential in providing a long-term sustainable platform for the growth of an organisation. Employees must know how to employ the right people in the right position. Conversely, Deloitte is diverse from the sex prospective, ethnic and age perspective and all they need is just the right people. (Cottrill, 2007) A company is unable able to provide the best service and build a good reputation unless they have the best people with right skill to meet the expectation of customer. According to Deloitte’s research, Generation Y does not work in companies whose objective does not align with theirs. The company must be responsive to the employee and the community to build a good example to his employees. The company will then give confidence to the people outside. (Cottrill, 2007) Implication of Internal Marketing Internal marketing is a basic for designing an appropriate motivation basic. The employees will be loyal and provide a higher productivity and output quality when they learn more about each other and share the same goal throughout the process of service. (Adrian, 1998) For an example, during the process of treatment, a nurse notice that she share the same objective with the doctor, like taking good care of the sick. They can do a good job as a team in the future. When employees are able to obtain the cheaper or free services that are provided in their organisation, they will participate enthusiastically. Thus, their involvement will help in improving the services. Comments and suggestion will be given on the service that they had encounter in order to improve their services and reduce production and internal transaction costs. The objective from the entire organisation is able to bring together in the organisation too. (Adrian, 1998) Internal Marketing is the cheapest and easiest way for advertising the services to the external market. When the internal customer is very satisfied to the service provided in the organisation, they will introduce their friends and family to the service factory via word of mouth. For example, the employee will bring his family to the clinic where he works as he has a good experience and treatment from his employer. (Adrian, 1998) This is a good strategy to improve open two-way communication between the employers and employees. Information in a company should pass down through and communicate back up again. Some important information in the organisation should be passing around so that rumours will not be passing around and employees will not feel underclass. On the other hand, communication helps to coordinate tasks between front line and support staff. In a legal firm, the researchers need to provide accurate information about the law so that the lawyer can win the court case. (Adrian, 1998) Build up strong connection between learning activity and knowledge renewal is done through internal marketing too. â€Å"Customer consciousness is developed through internal marketing and the learning and knowledge that come from that experience.† (Ballantyne, 2000) Internal customer has similar properties like external customers. Thus, enhancing internal marketplace performance where the outputs are express in different ways is important. (Adrian, 1998) Barriers Barriers for Talent Management In order to cope with the fast growing economy of a country, more professionals needed to provide support for the business environment. However, most places especially developing and undeveloped countries are lack of talent. In UK, four big firms were fighting among each other for the recruitment of qualified accountant. (Noraini, 2009) Most specialists are not motivated to work in rural areas due to poor facilities and living environment. For example, there is insufficient of specialist doctors in rural areas of Hindu. Although the salary increases to Rs. 50000 per month plus an addition of Rs. 10000 given as an incentive, doctors were still motivated to work in the rural areas in the State. (Shortage of doctors in State regretted, 2010) Some People do not enrol themselves to specialized services, as they do not seek to become a professional. They enrolled into those professional degrees program to obtain a higher academic qualification needed for their job advancement. There are many cases where an accounting graduate who did not continue their career as an accountant but only a manager. (Noraini, 2009) Companies need to invest heavily on salaries and wages for all the professionals in the organisation. Furthermore, these large amount salaries are use to attract talents to work in the organisation too. AICPA and state accounting societies have invested heavily and put in much effort to promote accounting as an attractive career option in US. (Noraini, 2009) Employees in this century have increase their unlimited needs and wants too. Some of them may resign and seek for a more interesting and challenging job or opt for early retirement. Thus, the companies are often blindsided and risk losing some of their talent. There was in case where an aerospace company where a midcareer technical manager who active and seek more in his career. He quit the job and started his own consulting firm. However, his bosses regretted and eventually hoping for his return. (Morison et al., 2008) Barriers for Internal Marketing It is difficult to show the similarities between internal and external market for service in the implement of internal marketing. â€Å"The internal customer is frequently a captive customer.† Employees were tied to the employment contract with the company and entitle to use the facilities available. Thus, it is necessary for them to use the service unit provided while the external customers can change their service provider to somewhere else whenever they are not satisfied. (Palmer, 1998) In an organization, internal customers are hard to differentiate in to different types of customers and differing their expectations. The marketing plan for that particular service will not be meet and may treat all external customers as homogeneous. i.e. All the government servants used the medication provided that is targeted for the low-income family because they are able to pay for the lowest cost. Thus, customer’s expectations and different internal customer segment must be explore, identify and evaluate. Hence, it will be help to maximize its effectiveness and able to apple on the external market. (Palmer, 1998) Moreover, some of the employee’s lifestyle will be change too. They are forces to change the service centre they used to go before. For example, some employee is use to go for medication in a particular clinic. The clinic has all the medications record for the employee. However, when they are force to go for the clinic that they work in, the new doctor do not know anything about this patient and he needs to do all the check up all over again. Employees in the organization only represent a small portion of the entire customer and consumer. The trend in the company may not represent the entire buyer as it only helps to understand organizational purchasing behaviour. Furthermore, they may mislead the company to a wrong direction. For instant, the employees would like to have an air flight to China but in the actual consumer demand, most customer love to go to Korea for a vacation. Customer satisfaction for the service provided is important and is seek as a competitive advantage for the company. However, it is not enough. Employers must be aware of the development of customer commitment by building a long-term relationship like building interdependencies, share values and mutually beneficial strategies. (Harrell and Fors, 1996) Conclusion Despite good strategy plan in an organization level to increase internal and external value through talent management and internal marketing, employers are able to help their people to balance their work and family work life. These strategies include flexible working hours, flexible work arrangement, prevent work overload, etc. References Books Palmer, Adrian, 1998, Principles of Services Marketing, 3rd ed., England, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Morison, Robert, Erickson, Tamara and Dychtwald, Ken, 2008, Harvard Business Review on Talent Management, US, Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation E-Paper 2010, Shortage of doctors in State regretted, The Hindu, [online] available from hindu.com/2010/02/09/stories/2010020957240300.htm [Accessed 25th March 2010] Cottrill, Mike, 2007, Accouting and Consulting: Diversity of thought, Smart Business, [online] available from sbnonline.com/Local/Article/12992/75/0/Diversity_of_thought.aspx?Category=98[Accessed 7th April 2010] Internet Millar, Bill, 2007, Building an integrated talent management strategy [online], Oracle, Available from oracle.com/us/media/056894.pdf [Accessed 21th April 2010] E-Journals Annunzio-Green, Norma D’, 2008, Managing the talent management pipeline: Towards a greater understanding of senior managers perspectives in the hospitality and tourism sector, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(7), pp807-819, [online] Available from emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?contentType=ArticleFilename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/0410200707.pdf [Accessed 12th March 2010] Ballantyne, David, 2000, Internal relationship marketing: a strategy for knowledge renewal, International Journal of Bank, 18/6, pp274-286, [online] Available from emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?contentType=ArticleFilename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/0320180602.pdf [Accessed 12th March 2010] Ballantyne, David, 2003, A relationship-mediated theory of internal marketing, European Journal of Marketing, 37(9), pp1242-1260, [online] Available from emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?contentType=ArticleFilename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/0070370905.pdf [Accessed 12th March 2010] Bhatnagar, Jyotsna, 2007, Talent management strategy of employee engagement strategy of employee engagement in Indian ITES employees: key to retention, Employee Relations, 29(6), pp640-663, [online] Available from emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?contentType=ArticleFilename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/0190290605.pdf [Accessed 12th March 2010] Cahill, Dennis J., 1995, The managerial implications of the learning organization: a new tool for internal marketing, Journal of Services Marketing, 9(4), pp 42-51, [online] Available from emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?Filename=/published/emeraldfulltextarticle/pdf/0750090404.pdf [Accessed 12th March 2010] Deery, Magaret, 2008, Talent management, work-life balance and retention strategies, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(7), pp 792-806, [online] Available from emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?contentType=ArticleFilename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/0410200706.pdf [Accessed 12th March 2010] Harrell, Gilbert D. and Fors, Matthew F., 1996, Marketing services to satisfy internal customers, Logistics Information Management, 8(4), pp22-27, [online] Available from emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?contentType=ArticleFilename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/0880080405.pdf [Accessed 12th March 2010] Hughes, Julia Christensen and Rog, Evelina, 2008, Talent Management: A strategy for improving employee recruitment, retention and engagement within hospitality organizations, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20 (7), pp 744-746, [online] Available from emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?contentType=ArticleFilename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/0410200703.pdf [Accessed 12th March 2010] Noraini Mohd Nasir, Erlane K. Ghani, Jamaliah Said, 2009, Why do not accounting graduates want to become accountants?, Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 5(5), pp59-65, [online] Available from accountant.org.cn/doc/acc200905/acc20090507.pdf [Accessed 26th March 2010] Rafiq, Mohammed and Ahmed, Pervaiz K., 2000, Advances in the internal marketing concept: definition, synthesis and extension, Journal of Services Marketing, 14(6), pp449-462, [online] Available from emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?contentType=ArticleFilename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/0750140601.pdf [Accessed 12th March 2010] Varey, Richard J. and Lewis, Barbara R., 1999, A broadened conception of internal marketing, European Journal of Marketing, 33 (9/10), pp 926-944, [online] Available from emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?contentType=ArticleFilename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/0070330908.pdf [Accessed 12th March 2010] Research Papers on Talent management and Internal marketingThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Summary Essays

Summary Essays Summary Essay Summary Essay Summary â€Å"How to Say Nothing in Five Hundred Words† by Paul Roberts Srudents face different issues related to the matter of writing successful college essays. According to the author of â€Å" How to Say Nothing in Five Hundred Words,† these issues are focused on the way students approach and make a subject interesting. Many subjects that students have to write about do not have enough information to develop the essays and make them absorbing for the reader. Also, the author explains that students write essays using obvious content to support their ideas which many others students have already used. As a result, the essays cannot be original and leave the readers or professors thirsty for more. Avoiding these trite points and coming out with new ideas can help the writer improve and engage his or her audience. Another important way to generate better papers is by taking the less common side in a subject that students need to write about. Students sometime select the easier topic over the harder ones, however, the hardest topic can provide more interesting material to be developed. It becomes easier to clarify different points of view if it hasn’t been done as frequently by other students and authors. Students should try developing their arguments without worrying about the beliefs and opinions of the instructor. Nonetheless, the arguments should still be in the educational context educational and respectful. Essays have to convince the instructor. However, students put all of their attention on the broad and inefficient essence of the subjects they write about. Students have to go from a general statement to more particular matter of the writing. Trying to avoid abstract concepts that don’t say anything concrete is recommended. An idea needs to be followed with relevant examples. Padding can destroy any good piece of writing, so it has to be used in the right way in order to contribute real content. Otherwise, students should get rid of the padding. Those who want to use padding need to do a first draft and then find the details that connect ideas and make the writing stronger. The idea is to illustrate the topic with meaningful content. To be remarkable in a way that causes a strong impact on the reader is to call things by their names. Students have to have clear in their mind on what they want to say and how they will say it with determination and conviction. Writing is an emotional tool whose principal function is to show the author’s emotion. Good writers avoid using pat expressions which are associated with and appeal to common knowledge. Phrases such as â€Å"the pure and simple truth†, â€Å" stand up and be counted†, â€Å"told him time and time again†, and so forth do not contribute to essays. There is a risk that the reader does not know the meaning of such phrases causing a misunderstanding. Using the right or colorful words is another way to create a successful essay because these words can produce clear images or feeling to the reader. The problem is that colorful words are correlated to the frame time of the piece, so some words that used to work have changed over time. Students should be aware that some readers would have trouble associating these words to a mental picture and therefore have trouble connecting to the writing. In addition to colorful words, there are colored words which readers interpret to have either good or bad meanings. Depending on the context, the colored words are words that readers see and associate to their own contexts. For example, the use of words like â€Å"mother† or â€Å"mother-in-law† is totally distinctive. While the word â€Å"mother† is associated for most people with home, safety, and food, the word â€Å"mother-in- law† generates in the reader negative associations even if it is used in a good context. Finally, the most current issue that students have is with descriptive and meaningful vocabulary words. They write with â€Å"colorless† words which are words used in casual conversation. These colorless words do not fulfill the reader, and he or she is left feeling unsatisfied about the piece of writing.

Free Essays on Socialism In Thomas Mores Utopia

In this critical essay, Kleine writes about how More’s Utopia brought about socialism. He also shows how the story of Utopia, whether written about by Plato, Marx, or More, is a socialist place. Utopia is socialist because all Utopians wear the same clothes, all practice agriculture, all live in similar houses in identical towns, how they all speak the same language, and how they all have a standard view of God and call him by the same name. All Utopians are also on the same social class level. There is no differentiation between the princes, magistrates, priests, and the learned in Utopia. The Utopians also wear the same simple material for clothing, and the only demarcation of the status of people is color. The different colors represent the different statuses of people, such as being married, single, a child, a priest, or a slave. Slaves, besides wearing a different color of clothing also wear gold earrings, gold necklaces, gold shackles or chains, a distinguishing badge for their district, have no money, and they have a little piece of one ear cut off, are treated the same as the other Utopians. They are fed from the Utopians food surplus and their wages from working for freemen go straight to the treasury or their labor helps the public, so they always help the public either by the money they earn or by their labor. The people of Utopia also have different occupations depending on what they want to learn. The children are moved to different houses according to their choice of work. Up to 30 people live in the same house, and they share the same or similar occupations. Utopians can also worship in their own way with people of their faith, however they are required to go to a service in which there are no images of God, He is called by the same name by all people, and all prayers are non-denominational. These are the only distinguishing factors between people and everyone respects the other people. Everyone shares t... Free Essays on Socialism In Thomas More's Utopia Free Essays on Socialism In Thomas More's Utopia In this critical essay, Kleine writes about how More’s Utopia brought about socialism. He also shows how the story of Utopia, whether written about by Plato, Marx, or More, is a socialist place. Utopia is socialist because all Utopians wear the same clothes, all practice agriculture, all live in similar houses in identical towns, how they all speak the same language, and how they all have a standard view of God and call him by the same name. All Utopians are also on the same social class level. There is no differentiation between the princes, magistrates, priests, and the learned in Utopia. The Utopians also wear the same simple material for clothing, and the only demarcation of the status of people is color. The different colors represent the different statuses of people, such as being married, single, a child, a priest, or a slave. Slaves, besides wearing a different color of clothing also wear gold earrings, gold necklaces, gold shackles or chains, a distinguishing badge for their district, have no money, and they have a little piece of one ear cut off, are treated the same as the other Utopians. They are fed from the Utopians food surplus and their wages from working for freemen go straight to the treasury or their labor helps the public, so they always help the public either by the money they earn or by their labor. The people of Utopia also have different occupations depending on what they want to learn. The children are moved to different houses according to their choice of work. Up to 30 people live in the same house, and they share the same or similar occupations. Utopians can also worship in their own way with people of their faith, however they are required to go to a service in which there are no images of God, He is called by the same name by all people, and all prayers are non-denominational. These are the only distinguishing factors between people and everyone respects the other people. Everyone shares t...

Financial Health of Institutions Of Higher Education Essay

Financial Health of Institutions Of Higher Education - Essay Example However, with the current increased competition for students, this proved to be more difficult and getting enrolments which were high enough was hard for the college. Part D Offering training and certificate courses to lead to degree courses is important in at least two ways. To begin with, it helps increase the enrolment from many students who may not qualify to go directly to the degree course. If students can, and actually should, be considered as customers in the case for colleges, addressing this part for he market is a good way for the college to differentiate itself especially from the bigger universities which offer stiff competition for the students. Offering certificate and diplomas to help these students to bridge for their degree courses gives many people the opportunity to qualify for degree courses and at the same time give the college a new market segment to increase its overall market share. This definitely increases the enrolment and increasing enrolment will increas e the amount revenues through tuition fees. Part C There are many people who see this kind of path towards achieving higher education as a very important way to go on with their education. Many people fail to get the required grades to join college for various degree courses not necessarily because hey are not academically competent, but due to various issues. Giving them this avenue is an important way to help them to achieve their academic goals without allowing past barriers to prevent them from achieving these goals. As a result, offering these certificate courses to these students will definitely attract more students and more students also mean more money in the form of college tuition fees. The biggest advantage is that the cost of training certificate students is relatively low as compared to higher courses and this keeps costs down while at the same time increasing revenue. The other important thing with this strategy is that most of these students who have not qualified to degree courses and a looking for bridging courses are more willing to pay their fees without looking for subsidies and this reduces the financial burden for the college per student. It is also likely to get more enrolment from the local community because students do not travel to institutions which are too far from home to go and do these bridging courses. The only students who go to college which are far from their local area are those who are doing degree courses or post graduate courses. However, the main reason that this strategy was very successful is because it was not just a way to increase revenue, but it is also a solution that is solving other educational needs by giving individuals a second chance in acquiring higher education. Part D: not applicable Section 2 Both Georgetown College and Wesley College are not doing better than they were doing before. Their main revenues streams have declined over the years across the various streams of revenues. This indicates that the two colleges are not doing well and they have not been able to use the advice given as a way to make sure that they have healthy financing. The lack of success for the two colleges can be seen in the way they have both come from higher revenue flows in the year 2001 to lower revenues in the year 2010. Overall, they have done worse in placing themselves in a path that is of worse and riskier financial life. With regard to private gifts grants and contracts Georgetown College

Accounting Systems Design & Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Accounting Systems Design & Development - Essay Example Therefore, in an organization a steering committee plays the role of a decision maker (Shelly and Vermaat, 2010, p. 420). In the context of a system development project, the roles of the steering committee are as follows: The steering committee takes the responsibility for the feasibility of the project, developing the business plan. It ensures the scope of the project aligns with the need of the customers or the stakeholder groups. The steering committee also assists in the process of evaluation of project risks and the approaches of project risk management. The committee also provides guidance to those involved directly in the project. The guidance is offered mainly in the field of business issues related to the success of the project. (b) Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of phased-in and direct switch-over implementation strategies. Solution: Phased-in implementation can be defined as a process of changeover from a preexisting system to a new one. The phased-in strategy has to move across a number of stages in order actually implement it. Advantages: Through the phased-in implementation process, it is possible to develop an overall implementation plan and further test it in small scale employing the production data. Apart from that, it also ensures establishing tractable and reasonable measures of success. Furthermore, it institutionalizes the process as it takes place. The changes in the process of implementation can be easily incorporated in the strategy through the process of familiarization. Also, the team members become the actual functional owners. The changes in this process are gradual and, therefore, easy to get accustomed to. Disadvantages: The biggest disadvantage of phased-in implementation strategy is that the process of implementation is very much time-consuming. Also, the implementation strategy is comparatively slower than the direct implementation strategy. The implementation process differs on a project-to-project basis. The impac ts of the implementation are not visible readily and have to wait till the results appear. In this implementation strategy, it is very difficult to maintain the momentum of the team members until and unless a situation of urgency is reached. Direct Switch over Implementation Strategy The direct switch over implementation strategy is about the direct switchover from the old system to the new system (ISRD group, 2006, p. 315). Some of the advantages and disadvantages are illustrated below: Advantages: The process of implementation is extremely fast as compared to the other forms of implementation strategies. Sometimes, the implementation process is completed within a week or is implemented overnight. Disadvantages: Sometimes, huge delays may occur due to absence of any scope of reverting. The system becomes unfamiliar to the user. It does not provide any option by which the old and new systems can be compared. 2. Using the Table provided, classify the following control activities as g eneral or application and explain your reasoning, (a) Employees have a password to gain access to the system. (b) When sales are entered the system retrieves customer details based on the customer number. (c) A check is performed to identify if all cheques can be accounted for. (d) Systems development is subject to signoff by the CIO before it can take place. (e) Virus definitions are updated daily. (f) The Sales Manager must approve all discounts

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Paper - Essay Example Panem is the nation that Hunger Games took place which is in North America. This nation has 12 districts with Capitol being one of the districts that are wealthiest district. All the other 12 districts are poor but District 12 is located in a region where coal is available in plenty, the region was known as Appalachia. In each and every district on annual basis a boy and a girl who are in the age of 12 to 18 are taken where they compete in battle of death where one individual should only remain after the battle. The selection of the participant is done by a lottery method. In the theme of inequality between rich and poor in Panem wealth is concentrated on the hands of few individuals who live in Capitol and other certain districts. This is due to the difference between individuals who are rich and those who are poor. This difference is revealed in the novel but the most notable difference is on food. In those districts which the poor are numerous, many of the individuals do not have anything to eat and they starve while others have plenty in the Panem. Katniss lives in the district 12 and thus as a resident she notes starvation is a common to all the residents of district 12. This means that she has to take all the measures possible so that she can get something for the family using illegally ways. She even goes to an extent of going beyond the borders of the district 12 so that she can get food for her family. Most of the residents in district 12 do not know to hunt and thus they see as if katniss family has a lot while it was just something small. A fter the hunt Katniss family concludes that if one has something to eat others are luxuries. Katniss, while looking for food learns that peeta’s family has a lot since they have a bakery and thus they are considered as the rich in the district. Katniss is not able to buy the food and thus depends on the leftovers. When she is in Capitol, she finds that everybody who is there is enjoying lavish feast and other

Introduction to corporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to corporate finance - Essay Example The essential element of such a relationship exists in the significant correlation between prevailing rates of interests and the past changes in the bond prices which are averaged on a weighted basis. This results in the reflection of the effects on the price levels over longer duration of time. (Irving Fisher) Fisher separation is the foundation to the theory of finance. (Moneyterms) This formed the foundation on which the modern day Present Value theories have been established. Fisher's contribution to the theory of finance with respect to the valuation of shares is based on the basis of future earnings and the present value of the earnings on the shares. This paper analyses the propositions on which the share valuation model advocated by Fisher was based and also the newer models that help mitigating the difficulties faced in the Fisher's Model. Fisher attributed the correlation between the prevailing rates of interest and the past changes in the prices of bonds which are averaged using a weighted index, to a not-so-perfect estimation about the expected inflationary tendencies and the resulting intention of the investor to extrapolate the likely future price level changes in the bonds so that the investor may be able to ad... This is known as 'Fisher effect' and is the model that Fisher advocated for use in the valuation of bonds. But it can be observed that the present day analysts use this proposition not only for bond valuation but also for the stocks. In the case of equities it is the forecast of the sustainable growth rate that replicates the interest rate factor of the bond valuation. The 'forecast growth rate' of stocks is the modern day innovation in the financial theory relating to the share valuation and trading. This stand of Fisher was substantiated by Robert F. Wiese. Wiese stated that "the proper price of any security, whether a stock or a bond, is the sum of all the future income payments discounted at the current rate of interest in order to arrive at the present value" John Burr Williams (1938) further describes this theory by stating, "A stock is worth the present value of its future dividends, with future dividends dependent on future earnings. Value thus depends on the distribution rat e for earnings, which rate is itself determined by the reinvestment needs of the business." Propositions of Fisher's Model of Share Valuation The assessment made by Irving Fisher immediately after the crash in the share prices in the year 1929, described the following attributes as determinants of the share price movements in the market, since the share price in the market is determined largely by the discounted value of future earnings in the form of dividends from the respective stock. According to Fisher basically these attributes contribute to the upward changes in the price levels of stocks: (1) "Because the earnings are continually plowed-back into business instead of being declared as dividends" In this statement

What are the factors that influence effective discharge from hospital Literature review

What are the factors that influence effective discharge from hospital of older people - Literature review Example The discussion aimed at analysing and investigating factors that influence effective discharge from hospital of older people. For this purpose, literature analysis pertaining to the research topic was conducted. After filtering more than 500 research papers of the period 2008-13; a total of 15-20 were selected with the criteria of focusing on the strategies related to the effective discharge of older people. Based on the results, it was found that effective discharge of older people depends on a number of internal and external factors. In this regard, system and healthcare environment, patients’’ knowledge, social factors, healthcare policies, effective communication, and planned policies play an important and decisive role. Additionally, it was found that hospitals need to focus more on understanding the needs and demands of older people and accordingly planning the assessment and discharge policies leading to mutual value. Finally, it was concluded that effective disc harge policies require proper planning, transparent assessment, and effective policies and communication for creating better results. Exclusion criteria were kept simple and precise and thus, articles, research papers, journals, and irrelevant academic books were excluded from the selection criteria. Articles accused of duplication and offering little understanding over the research topic were also not included. Additionally, studies conducted outside the UK and Western countries were also not included in the assessment and analysis process. Articles adding little value in terms of offering information on discharge policies of hospitals were excluded. Information through conferences and other proceedings were not used for the assessment process. 20 Stuen believed that effective discharge is a process used to decide the requirements of patients in terms of moving from one stage to another. In the healthcare industry, effective discharge of

Chinese Economic Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chinese Economic Revolution - Research Paper Example As a result there was a wide variety of goods and services to choose from. Chinese producers were also able to export their goods and expand their businesses overseas. By the late 1980’s these reforms had accomplished extraordinary results: incomes increased, more consumer products, food and housing was made available and the country experienced high growth rates. The economic reforms were Chinese government’s way to emphasize an increase production, consumption and people’s income as well as advancement in technology without it having an adverse impact on budget deficits, inflation and unemployment. The first of these economic reforms were introduced in the agricultural sector. Under the agricultural reforms, agricultural land was divided among farmers who became owners of the lands they worked on. The farmers were allowed to keep the agricultural output if they agreed to give a small share of it to the government. This was a popular move among the farmers who f ound a way to increase their incomes. The result of these reforms was a dramatic increase in production of agricultural goods and this move stimulated the growth in the agricultural industry. Farmers were also able improve their standard of living as the reforms allowed them to increase their income by producing more goods (Myers 1991). Foreign trade played a significant role to boost China’s economy once the new economic reforms were introduced. In the years preceding the economic revolution foreign trade rarely contributed more than 10% to China’s GDP as the country mostly relied on self-sufficiency. However after the reforms the contribution increased significantly and by 1986 foreign trade contributed to 36% of the... The modern world has become familiar with the phrase ‘Made in China’. Chinese goods and services are being sold all over the world. There is clearly a shift in economic power from the developed West to China and India. The remarkable growth of China can be credited greatly to the Chinese Economic Revolution that occurred in the late 1970’s. The remarkable growth of China can be credited greatly to the Chinese Economic Revolution that occurred in the late 1970’s. In 1978 Deng Xiaoping introduced economic reforms in China. There were two phases to the reforms. In the first phases focus was on the countryside. A ‘Household Responsibility System’ was introduced which made peasants, working on farms, owners of those lands. The second phase of these reforms focused on industrialization and worker welfare as well as on enterprises. One of the key changes as a result of these reforms was that control was shifted from state-owned to private enterprise. These reforms were against the communist philosophy as they supported a free-market system. These reforms helped arouse a sleeping economic giant from its slumber and take the world’s economic stage by storm. The reforms encouraged private entrepreneurship, foreign investment and foreign trade, reduced government control with focus on free-market and education of the labor force among others. The Chinese economy will continue to grow and maintain its average growth rates of 10% per annum till 2020.

Introduction to corporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to corporate finance - Essay Example The essential element of such a relationship exists in the significant correlation between prevailing rates of interests and the past changes in the bond prices which are averaged on a weighted basis. This results in the reflection of the effects on the price levels over longer duration of time. (Irving Fisher) Fisher separation is the foundation to the theory of finance. (Moneyterms) This formed the foundation on which the modern day Present Value theories have been established. Fisher's contribution to the theory of finance with respect to the valuation of shares is based on the basis of future earnings and the present value of the earnings on the shares. This paper analyses the propositions on which the share valuation model advocated by Fisher was based and also the newer models that help mitigating the difficulties faced in the Fisher's Model. Fisher attributed the correlation between the prevailing rates of interest and the past changes in the prices of bonds which are averaged using a weighted index, to a not-so-perfect estimation about the expected inflationary tendencies and the resulting intention of the investor to extrapolate the likely future price level changes in the bonds so that the investor may be able to ad... This is known as 'Fisher effect' and is the model that Fisher advocated for use in the valuation of bonds. But it can be observed that the present day analysts use this proposition not only for bond valuation but also for the stocks. In the case of equities it is the forecast of the sustainable growth rate that replicates the interest rate factor of the bond valuation. The 'forecast growth rate' of stocks is the modern day innovation in the financial theory relating to the share valuation and trading. This stand of Fisher was substantiated by Robert F. Wiese. Wiese stated that "the proper price of any security, whether a stock or a bond, is the sum of all the future income payments discounted at the current rate of interest in order to arrive at the present value" John Burr Williams (1938) further describes this theory by stating, "A stock is worth the present value of its future dividends, with future dividends dependent on future earnings. Value thus depends on the distribution rat e for earnings, which rate is itself determined by the reinvestment needs of the business." Propositions of Fisher's Model of Share Valuation The assessment made by Irving Fisher immediately after the crash in the share prices in the year 1929, described the following attributes as determinants of the share price movements in the market, since the share price in the market is determined largely by the discounted value of future earnings in the form of dividends from the respective stock. According to Fisher basically these attributes contribute to the upward changes in the price levels of stocks: (1) "Because the earnings are continually plowed-back into business instead of being declared as dividends" In this statement

Chinese Economic Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chinese Economic Revolution - Research Paper Example As a result there was a wide variety of goods and services to choose from. Chinese producers were also able to export their goods and expand their businesses overseas. By the late 1980’s these reforms had accomplished extraordinary results: incomes increased, more consumer products, food and housing was made available and the country experienced high growth rates. The economic reforms were Chinese government’s way to emphasize an increase production, consumption and people’s income as well as advancement in technology without it having an adverse impact on budget deficits, inflation and unemployment. The first of these economic reforms were introduced in the agricultural sector. Under the agricultural reforms, agricultural land was divided among farmers who became owners of the lands they worked on. The farmers were allowed to keep the agricultural output if they agreed to give a small share of it to the government. This was a popular move among the farmers who f ound a way to increase their incomes. The result of these reforms was a dramatic increase in production of agricultural goods and this move stimulated the growth in the agricultural industry. Farmers were also able improve their standard of living as the reforms allowed them to increase their income by producing more goods (Myers 1991). Foreign trade played a significant role to boost China’s economy once the new economic reforms were introduced. In the years preceding the economic revolution foreign trade rarely contributed more than 10% to China’s GDP as the country mostly relied on self-sufficiency. However after the reforms the contribution increased significantly and by 1986 foreign trade contributed to 36% of the... The modern world has become familiar with the phrase ‘Made in China’. Chinese goods and services are being sold all over the world. There is clearly a shift in economic power from the developed West to China and India. The remarkable growth of China can be credited greatly to the Chinese Economic Revolution that occurred in the late 1970’s. The remarkable growth of China can be credited greatly to the Chinese Economic Revolution that occurred in the late 1970’s. In 1978 Deng Xiaoping introduced economic reforms in China. There were two phases to the reforms. In the first phases focus was on the countryside. A ‘Household Responsibility System’ was introduced which made peasants, working on farms, owners of those lands. The second phase of these reforms focused on industrialization and worker welfare as well as on enterprises. One of the key changes as a result of these reforms was that control was shifted from state-owned to private enterprise. These reforms were against the communist philosophy as they supported a free-market system. These reforms helped arouse a sleeping economic giant from its slumber and take the world’s economic stage by storm. The reforms encouraged private entrepreneurship, foreign investment and foreign trade, reduced government control with focus on free-market and education of the labor force among others. The Chinese economy will continue to grow and maintain its average growth rates of 10% per annum till 2020.

First Day Of School Essay Example for Free

First Day Of School Essay On my first day of school, my Dad came to drop me of. I was really nervous and afraid when I came out of the car and headed for the School gate. In the playground, I saw an abundance of big boys running around; that made me even more apprehensive. When the School bell rang, I quickly into ran to the hall so I wasn’t late on my first day. Mrs McNamara, our head of year was giving all the students a lot of essential information that we needed in the future so as a consequence, it was important that we listened. At lunchtime I became more relaxed and at ease, at the end of the day my dad came to pick me up from school, I had really enjoyed myself and as a result I knew I would have a fantastic time at High school. Try to be yourself don’t copy anyone or anything. Furthermore, to do well in school you have to be bold and respectful, it always helps. LESSONS AND SCHOOL RULES In lessons you have to pay full attention to what the teacher’s saying, it will help you in your work and Home study. You must be fully equipped for the lesson so it is best you pack your bag the night before you have that lesson, you will need: two pens, a ruler, a pencil your exercise book, a rubber, a calculator, and a pencil case. In Trinity your work has to be a certain standard, if your work is below that standard, the teacher will make you do it again. Hence, you need to put effort into it, make sure you have checked it, and do it to your best quality. Trinity High school forbids bullying; any signs of bullying and you will be in a huge amount of trouble, you must always respect one another and the Teachers. Attendance and Punctuality is very important, so you don’t miss any lessons or activities. You must take care of all the equipment that you use and attempt not to damage it. SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTS If you behave well and do extremely well in your lessons you get achievements such as: Effort and Excellence certificates, Headmasters award s letters of praise and congratulations, weekly praise from the Headmaster and attendance and punctuality awards. There are so many ranges of achievements, so make sure you work hard, listen to your teachers and be respectful at all times.

Deposit Mobilisation in Banks

Deposit Mobilisation in Banks Deposit mobilisation is one of the crucial functions of a conventional financialinstitutions or banks to satisfy one of the requirements of a banking business, i.e.sourcing of funds or borrowing money from customers.Continuous and adequate deposit mobilisation would ensure the bank shall be able tosustain its business of lending and investing, thus incurring profit for future growth.Nevertheless, different types of deposits have different and distinct characteristics andfeatures which in consequence impose different risks and costs to the banks. Therefore, inmany cases, deposit mobilisation strategy relies heavily to the banks asset and liabilitymanagement policy.In a relationship between bank and depositors, the rights and duties for both parties varyaccording to the nature of deposit mobilisation. The ability of the bank to fulfil their duties is an important measure of the banks acceptance by the public, or by far as acomparison yardstick with other banks. Deposit mobilisation of a bank and its importance a. Introduction Banks mobilise deposits as their primary source of funds. Having optimaldeposits level, banks shall be able to lend the funds to generate interest onlending. In addition to lending, the deposits fund can be placed in certaininvestments avenues which suits the banks or the deposits objectives.Deposit mobilisation is a continuous function for a bank to ensure the sumtotal of deposits at any time adequate to maintain the current level of lending and investments especially to compensate the withdrawals madeby depositors. Usually, the deposits level is kept slightly or certainpercentages above the lending and investments level to ensure the bank has adequate cash reserves to meet expected withdrawals and alsorecurring withdrawals. The cash reserves are called Liquidity Reserves.Deposits bring costs to the banks, either on the maintenance of thedeposits and its transactions or on the interest payout onto the depositsupon deposit maturity.b. How Bank Mobilises Deposits Bank receives deposits from individuals, organisations and businesses,initially by opening an account with the bank itself. Based on the types of deposits, minimum initial deposits are set together with the rules andregulations governing the accounts.Subsequent deposits can be made into the accounts, except for timedeposits where the amount is fixed until deposit maturity.Depositors maintain deposits with specific banks due to many factors, butin particular trust and confidence with the banks are the major factors.Once these are established, the banks continuously attract depositors anddeposits by providing convenience banking, quality services, excellentbrand association and higher interest payout.However, there are instances where depositors put their money into thebanks mainly for security purposes, i.e. the banks to protect their moneyfrom loss and theft and also warrant the deposits from investment loss. Assuch in Malaysia the government provides guarantee upon deposits placedwi th commercial banks. 59 http://htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/4mk9wp2tcwe8wo/images/59-b2561607ca.pnghttp://htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/4mk9wp2tcwe8wo/images/59-b2561607ca.png Banks are competing against each other to attract deposits and newdepositors. Normally interest payout rates, locations and services are themain attractions to the mass market. However, some banks are going intothe niche markets and thus providing specific attractions to the targetedmarket segment. One example is the pensioners group, where specificproducts are developed with special features which suit their lifestyles.Sometimes banks do promotions with door-gifts, lucky draw, establishsavings clubs, staff get customers programme and else to ensure thedepositors base and deposits keep growing and to instil loyalty to thedepositors.Some deposits products have also grown from a single purpose deposits tocombined purpose products to meet higher expectations from customers.For example, attachment of insurance scheme, combination with debitcard, etc.c. The importance of deposits Deposits are the primary source of funds for a bank, which facilitates theuses of funds (loans and investments). The higher the deposits amount, thebigger the lending and investments portfolio can be maintained by thebanks to sustain its expansion and future growth.The banks must have adequate deposits to meet the lending volumerequired by the public and at the same time maintain extra cash for withdrawals by depositors. The cash reserve is a component of liquidityreserves which measure the ability of the bank to meet its expectedwithdrawals and recurring withdrawals. The withdrawals made from thereserves are oddly-offset against new deposits which the banks shouldcontinuously mobilise. The inability to get sufficient deposits could resultin negative fund situation.The level of deposits growth also indicates the banks performance inrelation to customers satisfaction on interest payout and servicesrendered.d. Deposits as key liquidity indicator Deposits are made mainly in cash, the most liquid asset for banks. Oncewithdrawal requests are made by depositors, banks must immediatelyprovide cash for that particular purpose. As compared to other liquiditycomponents such as short term investments which take time to beconverted into cash, it is rather wise for a bank to simply get moredeposits beyond the withdrawal amount. 60 http://htmlimg4.scribdassets.com/4mk9wp2tcwe8wo/images/60-3465843250.png However, the percentage of the cash reserves must be kept at optimumlevel. Idle cash does not create profit, but in fact, brings additional costs interms of storage and insurance. Therefore, by maintaining cash reserves atoptimal level enables bank to generate maximum profits from lending andinvestment activities.The costs for cash reserves are mainly on the storage and insurance. Thestorage of cash reserves involves the requirement for adequate vaultrooms, cash in-transit security and cash handling at branches. Theinsurance costs are to cover the amount of cash available anytime atbranches or in-transit from loss, fire and theft. It generally covers themaximum cash amount allowed at branches or in-transit

The Smart Classroom Essay -- Education Technology Smart Technolgies Es

The Smart Classroom The classroom is a place that is constantly trying to be improved for the betterment of students’ education. New teaching methods and improvement in environment are all constantly being researched; however, recently, research on technology in the classroom has flourished. The Smart Classroom contains these technological advances and triggers them toward in-hancing student learning. Classrooms in the past never really took into consideration that all students learned differently, so one method of teaching was used. This method being, oral lectures that students were expected to take notes on, followed by long winded exams. It wasn’t until later down the line that educators realized that not all students are capable of learning and understanding lessons in this way, and researched different ways to improve teaching. For example, Howard Gardner came to the conclusion that each person is one of seven intelligences. : If a student enjoys reading or writing stories and doing puzzles, then they have the intelligence of Linguistic. Students who are drawn to more strategy type games and logic kind of games are said to be of the Logical-Mathematical Intelligence. Students who are very active whether it be in a sport or art activity, such as dance, are said to be of the Body-Kinesthic Intelligence. Spatial students learn with pictures, they need to see things to un derstand, they are drawn toward drawing and building with blocks. Musical Intelligences are students who are drawn to music, they have the ability to learn by listening and can many times hear things that others are not able to. Students who thrive at being the leader and being in charge of their peers have the Intelligence of Interpersonal, these types o... ...Retrieved April 10, 2005, from http://www.classrooms.com/ Smart Classrooms Instructional Media Services. (April 3rd, 2003). Retrieved April 10, 2005, from http://www.humboldt.edu/~ims/smart/smartrms.htm Smart Classrooms. (2002). Retrieved April 10, 2005, from http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/its/smart_classrooms.htm Smart Classrooms, Huntingdon College. (2003). Retrieved April 11, 2005, from, http://www.huntingdon.edu/academics/smart_classrooms Domermuth, David. (2005). Creating a Smart Classroom. Tech Directions, 64(6), 21-22. Retrieved April 12, 2005, from Teacher Reference Center/EBSCO database. Carlson, Scott. (2002). Wired to the Hilt. Chronicle of Higher Education, 48, A33-A35. Retrieved April 12, 2005, from ERIC/EBSCO database. Human Intelligence, Howard Gardner. (2004). Retrieved May 3, 2005, from www.indiana.edu/~intell/gardner.shtml

Esquivils Like Water For Cholocate versus Mernissis Dreams of Trespass :: essays research papers

In both Fatima Mernissi’s novel, Dreams of Trespass, and Laura Esquivil’s Like Water for Chocolate, women are oppressed my invisible rules and boundries that are given to them by tradition and society. The female characters in both of these novels are given hardly any freedom and are expected to follow these unwritten laws or they will bring shame upon their families. However, in both of the novels we see that the lead female characters are able to gain power and break the frontiers that oppress them, by using the unwritten laws to their advantage. Ironically, they overcome their oppression by using that that oppresses them to their advantage. In Like Water for Chocolate, the protagonist, Tita, is oppressed by Mexican tradition. In Mexico, the youngest daughter of a family is not allowed to marry because her chief role in life should be to take care of her mother when she is too old to do so herself. Since Tita is the youngest daughter of her family, she is not allowed to marry the man she loves, Pedro, and is forced to spend her life cooking and caring for her mother while Pedro marries her sister. But as the novel goes on, cooking helps her break free from the restraint of her mother and tradition. Cooking is considered to be one for the things that she is oppressed by because she is forced to devote her life to it, but in actuality cooking helps her gain freedom and express emotion. She alters the traditional dinner recopies and is able to create food that is filled with so much passion that it allows her to communicate her love to Pedro. Every time Pedro tastes or smells one of her dishes he becomes overwhelmed with w armth and love. An example of this happening is when Tita prepares stuffed quail shortly after the death of Nacha, the family’s cook. â€Å"He (Pedro) couldn’t help closing his eyes in voluptuous delight and exclaiming ‘It is a dish for the gods’ (Like Water for Chocolate, page 51). Another time when Tita’s cooking strengthens her bond with Pedro is when she is cooking right after Pedro’s son is born. â€Å"Pedro, hearing her from the living room, experienced a sensation that was new to him. The sound of the pans bumping against each other, the smell of the almonds browning in the griddle, the sound of Tita’s melodious voice, singing as she cooked, had kindled his sexual feelings. Esquivil's Like Water For Cholocate versus Mernissi's Dreams of Trespass :: essays research papers In both Fatima Mernissi’s novel, Dreams of Trespass, and Laura Esquivil’s Like Water for Chocolate, women are oppressed my invisible rules and boundries that are given to them by tradition and society. The female characters in both of these novels are given hardly any freedom and are expected to follow these unwritten laws or they will bring shame upon their families. However, in both of the novels we see that the lead female characters are able to gain power and break the frontiers that oppress them, by using the unwritten laws to their advantage. Ironically, they overcome their oppression by using that that oppresses them to their advantage. In Like Water for Chocolate, the protagonist, Tita, is oppressed by Mexican tradition. In Mexico, the youngest daughter of a family is not allowed to marry because her chief role in life should be to take care of her mother when she is too old to do so herself. Since Tita is the youngest daughter of her family, she is not allowed to marry the man she loves, Pedro, and is forced to spend her life cooking and caring for her mother while Pedro marries her sister. But as the novel goes on, cooking helps her break free from the restraint of her mother and tradition. Cooking is considered to be one for the things that she is oppressed by because she is forced to devote her life to it, but in actuality cooking helps her gain freedom and express emotion. She alters the traditional dinner recopies and is able to create food that is filled with so much passion that it allows her to communicate her love to Pedro. Every time Pedro tastes or smells one of her dishes he becomes overwhelmed with w armth and love. An example of this happening is when Tita prepares stuffed quail shortly after the death of Nacha, the family’s cook. â€Å"He (Pedro) couldn’t help closing his eyes in voluptuous delight and exclaiming ‘It is a dish for the gods’ (Like Water for Chocolate, page 51). Another time when Tita’s cooking strengthens her bond with Pedro is when she is cooking right after Pedro’s son is born. â€Å"Pedro, hearing her from the living room, experienced a sensation that was new to him. The sound of the pans bumping against each other, the smell of the almonds browning in the griddle, the sound of Tita’s melodious voice, singing as she cooked, had kindled his sexual feelings.

Muslim Nationalism Dbq

Ryan Rojas 4/6/8 AP World History 3rd Period Muslim Nationalism DBQ Muslim leaders in North Africa and India saw the needs for nationalism in the Muslim areas and took on the issue of westernization as they saw right. A portion of Muslims wanted to welcome western ideas. And others didn't want western ideas around, they thought they needed to be one in their own nations, not in the co.uk/why-nations-fail-chapter-5-review/">Nations of the west. Some saw westernization as a flawed idea or solution, and used parts of westernization that would help them the most, and still allow them economic freedom. Most of the world was near required to westernize, during the Industrial Revolution.To compete with the new technology coming out in the world, and the new way of living. The rest of the world had to deal with and change in favor of the new technology and knowledge. The western portion of the world was â€Å"smarter,† and had stronger military power, and were more successful, economi cally. Not paying attention to these new technologies and ideas, would no benefit the Muslim community. Syed Ahmad Khan knew this and made the argument that the prophet of Muhammad said Muslims should find knowledge even if they need to go to places far away such as China. Document 1. ) He was referencing the fact that Europeans were far more successful. He is biased on this subject because his argument wouldn't make sense to a crowd of say, British people or French people, as they do not get the references to the prophet or these Islamic teachings. But, another person had said, that the people of Egypt should definitely be proud and content with their nation for how it is and they should go to nationalism and try to escape the pressure of Westernization. Document 2) Ahmed Ben Bella Bella, military lead of the Algerian National Liberation Front stated that the two societies of Europe and the societies of the Muslim nations were hardly different in any way. He makes the argument that both the teachings of old Greek Philosophers and their ideas. (Document 6)The Indian Muslim leader Abul Kaham Azad had called the western societies ignorant on the subject of religion. And at the same time calling people who were traditional, troubled or harassed by religious beliefs or irrationalities.This displays how much he enjoyed and gave credit to the thought of European philosophy and teachings and Europe's peoples. His point of view is bias on this subject, because European influence has been very heavy in India for a very long time, he more than likely grew up around European teachings and the influence of Europe. (Document 3) A portion of leaders in the Muslim society wanted to stay away from the idea of westernization. A nationalist in the nation of Egypt had noted that the Europeans were far more militarily advanced then they could hope to be.The only real reason he wanted better weapons and technology was because he didn't the English people to be Egypt any longer the n they already have been. Taha Husayn was really pushing for their independence in the economic area, and that he really wanted to defend the Suez Canal from any enemies or people trying to harm the Egyptian people. (document 4. ) His opinion on this subject is bias, because the English have been in Egypt really taking control of it and not giving the freedom that Egypt might of really wanted. If he had lived in France I highly doubt he would care that the English people were oppressing the Egyptian peoples.Moufdi Zakaria thought of the people of Europe as an interruption of the Muslim societies and they really seem to pushing the division of the Muslim community. This portion of Muslims wanted to stay together and strong by the teachings of their religion. They wanted to stay united by their language, and by their country or location. (Document 5) The Muslim leaders all were in desperate need of nationalism, without that it is very likely that North Africa and India, would be ruled by the European way of life, its teachings, its populace even, and maybe even the religions in Europe.Another document that would of helped understand the situation would have been an account or letter, or journal from a European military leader, or European King or ruler taking a side of the issue of Muslims accepting or declining the idea of nationalism in their society. The leaders in these 6 documents really interpret their definition of nationalism by how much they would want to accept the new advanced, and successful European way of life, and the European teachings even.